Twin Talk
Fraternal twins= dizygotic; two eggs and two sperm. Results in two babies with different DNA. Most twin couplings of male and female are fraternal because it is impossible to be different sexes and have same DNA
Identical twins= monozygotic; one egg and sperm split. Results in two babies with the same DNA. Usually same sex
Very rare but possible to have semi-identical twins. Called Sesquizygotic; results from one egg being fertilized by two sperm, egg then splits into two, having different paternal DNA from the two separate sperm.
2. Pagers
A pager, also called a beeper, is a device that receives alphanumeric messages via radio signals. There are two main types of pagers, One-way pagers can only receive messages, while two-way pagers can also reply to messages via an internal transmitter.
Gaining popularity in the 80s, pagers are still used today even with the widespread availability of things like smartphones because of their reliability and range.
Fun fact: Kayla, Chris’s girlfriend, actually knows what a pager is. HAHAHA!!!
3. The Pierogies- Can You Race In the Costumes And the Names
The Pirates Pierogies are part of famous in-game entertainment of the Pittsburgh MLB team, the Pittsburgh Pirates. There are seven pierogi mascots, named Pizza Penny, Bacon Burt, Cheese Chester, Jalapeno Hannah, Oliver Onion, Potato Pete and Sauerkraut Saul. These mascots take the field to run the 280-yard race around the ballfield in the “Great Pittsburgh Pierogi Race” at the end of the 5th inning of all home games.
The Pirates Pierogies as well as the Pirates Parrot mascot also do other public appearances at special events and can even be hired to attend your private event if you wish to do so. More information about hiring a mascot and their rates can be found here.
While not just any fan can put on the costume and race as a pierogi, they do have job postings for the pierogi positions that anyone that meets the qualifications can apply for. A previous job posting is listed here if you are interested in what the position entails.
4. Book that Bethany referenced about wolf hunting:
Hold the Dark by William Giraldi.
Purchase and read Hold the Dark here.
There's also a Netflix movie adaptation of the book, starring Jeffrey Wright, Alexander Skarsgård and Riley Keough.
5. We referenced buffaloes living in South Park just outside Pittsburgh:
6. Here are some statistics for African Americans in Pittsburgh for infant mortality and maternal mortality:
Infant Mortality: There is a large disparity between rates of infant mortality for black babies and white babies in Allegheny County. Infant mortality for black babies occurred at a rate of 14.9 per 1,000 births while the rate for white babies was 3.3.
Maternal Mortality: Black women in Pittsburgh are more likely to die during pregnancy than their peers in 97 percent of U.S. cities, according to a sweeping new report from the city's Gender Equity Commission.
7. We discussed - what are the psychological effects of being black? For example, being desensitized to pain due to racism.
Research study in the National Library of Medicine: The overview of the research highlights the multiple ways in which racism can affect mental health. Other conditions linked to race and ethnicity can also play a role in shaping the mental health of disadvantaged populations, and we need to understand these stressors in their full complexity. Future research must characterize this full range of risk factors and resources that may be unique to, or more prevalent among, stigmatized racial and ethnic populations and identify how they combine with each other, over the life course, to affect patterns of mental health.
Article in Mental Health America: Black and African American Communities and Mental Health: MHA
8. The Jetson’s Movie - Did it exist and When Did it Come Out
“Jetsons: The Movie” was released on July 6, 1990. It grossed $20.3 million on a budget of $8 million during its theatrical run, though it was considered a box office disappointment and received mixed to mostly negative reviews. It currently has a 5.5/10 score on IMDb.
It can be streamed on Tubi, Amazon Prime, Apple TV, Vudu, and Roku.
9.The "GameBoy effect" or impact
When video games first began development in the 70s, they didn’t have a specific gendered target audience and were marketed more as “family entertainment” for everyone to enjoy. Although the field was very much male-dominated, (and still is today) there were some female game developers and female-led companies that were active in the early days of gaming development that acknowledged the female interest in gaming. The gaming industry could have continued like this, and the outcome today would be much different, but the gaming crash of 1983 changed things. Between the years of 1983 and 1985, several poor quality games were introduced to the market, and this caused a crash in revenue for the entire industry. Many companies went bankrupt, and revenues in North America dropped from $3.2 billion to just $100 million. The companies that managed to stay afloat needed to do something to bring back faith in the industry. They could no longer afford to market to such a wide audience. They rebranded from digital entertainment to toys, and with the age-old perception that there are “girl” and “boy” toys affecting the marketing decisions, video games began to be marketed specifically to boys. This eventually led Nintendo to name their first handheld gaming console the “Game Boy”. The decision to market specifically to boys and men led to characters being created that objectified and sexualized women in order to drive up sales. A great example of this are the Tomb Raider games. The first Tomb Raider game came out in 1996, and featured the first female protagonist in quite a while, Lara Croft. However, Lara was clearly marketed towards males, being dressed in skimpy, provocative clothing. The female gaming audience continued to disappear, cementing the idea in companies' minds that making and marketing video games towards men was the way to go. There were some attempts to introduce female-targeted games, but companies didn’t want to invest in them because they did not believe there was a consumer demand for them. In actuality there was; females were interested in video games, but the shift in marketing tactics led to females being driven away from the gaming industry.
10. Bethany said she used to watch a Sesame Street movie that was filmed in a museum:
The movie is called Don't Eat the Pictures and it was filmed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
Watch it for free here.
11. Repatriation of art and artifacts from museums (nazis, colonizers, Native American):
There are "increased calls for institutions around the world—including the Smithsonian, which announced a new ethical returns policy last year—to repatriate stolen cultural artifacts."
In recent years, government officials, both in the US and abroad, have increased scrutiny on the provenance of objects in the Met’s collection, echoing public calls for the repatriation of looted objects. Dozens of allegedly looted artifacts totalling tens of millions of dollars have been seized from the Met by the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office and returned to countries including Greece, Italy, Egypt, and Nigeria. Last September, the DA’s office executed its sixth warrant of 2022 to seize artifacts from the museum.
Timeline of all the art and artifacts repatriated this year: Town & Country Magazine
12. Gina's brother Joshua's band: Metric
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